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Our research efforts have focused on both a basic biological understanding of the parasite and the disease, as well as efforts in drug discovery, including target identification, validation, screening, and lead optimization. Our most advanced program is focused on K777, an inhibitor of the cysteine protease, cruzain. We are working jointly with DNDi and the NIAID to complete IND-enabling studies for the K777-IND package.
Recent structural biology efforts have lent insight into requirements for cruzain inhibition, and our current efforts targeting cruzain are through development of backup leads to K777 and non-peptidyl inhibitors. Finally, new leads have been identified targeting CYP51, a key enzyme in the ergosterol synthetic pathway. Additional screening and chemical optimization of leads is in progress.
To expedite hit identification and lead characterization of novel anti-trypanosmal compounds, CDIPD scientists have developed a unique image-based whole-parasite screen. Several new collaborations have been initiated around this assay including an NIH funded program with the Genome Novartis Foundation focused on development of a novel clinical candidate for treatment of Chagas.
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Chagas Publications
- Design of Gallinamide A Analogs as Potent Inhibitors of the Cysteine Proteases Human Cathepsin L and Trypanosoma cruzi Cruzain. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2019 Oct 24;62(20):9026-9044. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00294. Epub 2019 Oct 4.
- A quick fix for Chagas disease therapy: a new trick using an old drug. (opens in a new tab) Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2018 Mar-Apr;51(2):123-124. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0154-2018. Portuguese. No abstract available.
- Experimental Chagas disease-induced perturbations of the fecal microbiome and metabolome. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Mar 12;12(3):e0006344. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006344. eCollection 2018 Mar.
- 4-aminopyridyl-based lead compounds targeting CYP51 prevent spontaneous parasite relapse in a chronic model and improve cardiac pathology in an acute model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Dec 27;11(12):e0006132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006132. eCollection 2017 Dec.
- Rapid Chagas Disease Drug Target Discovery Using Directed Evolution in Drug-Sensitive Yeast. (opens in a new tab) ACS Chem Biol. 2017 Feb 17;12(2):422-434. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01037.
- Synthesis and Evaluation of Oxyguanidine Analogues of the Cysteine Protease Inhibitor WRR-483 against Cruzain. (opens in a new tab) ACS Med Chem Lett. 2016 Jan 14;7(1):77-82. doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00336.
- Current and Future Chemotherapy for Chagas Disease. (opens in a new tab) Curr Med Chem. 2015;22(37):4293-312. Review.
- Synthesis of a sugar-based thiosemicarbazone series and structure-activity relationship versus the parasite cysteine proteases rhodesain, cruzain, and Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1. (opens in a new tab) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 May;59(5):2666-77. doi: 10.1128/AAC.04601-14. Epub 2015 Feb 23.
- Binding mode and potency of N-indolyloxopyridinyl-4-aminopropanyl-based inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2014 Dec 11;57(23):10162-75. doi: 10.1021/jm501568b. Epub 2014 Nov 25.
- Drug strategies targeting CYP51 in neglected tropical diseases. (opens in a new tab) Chem Rev. 2014 Oct 22. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
- Lead identification to clinical candidate selection: drugs for Chagas disease. (opens in a new tab) J Biomol Screen. 2015 Jan;20(1):101-11. doi: 10.1177/1087057114553103. Epub 2014 Oct 3.
- 4-Aminopyridyl-based CYP51 inhibitors as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drug leads with improved pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo potency. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2014 Aug 28;57(16):6989-7005. doi: 10.1021/jm500448u. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
- Determinants of disease phenotype in trypanosomatid parasites. (opens in a new tab) Trends Parasitol. 2014 Jul;30(7):342-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.001. Epub 2014 Jun 16. Review.
- Diversity-oriented synthesis yields a new drug lead for treatment of Chagas disease. (opens in a new tab) ACS Med Chem Lett. 2014 Feb 13;5(2):149-53. doi: 10.1021/ml400403u.
- R-Configuration of 4-aminopyridyl-based inhibitors of CYP51 confers superior efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) ACS Med Chem Lett. 2014 Apr 10;5(4):434-9. doi: 10.1021/ml500010m.
- Expanding the binding envelope of CYP51 inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi with 4-aminopyridyl-based sulfonamide derivatives. (opens in a new tab) Chembiochem. 2014 May 26;15(8):1111-20. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201402027. Epub 2014 Apr 25.
- Identification of diversity-oriented synthesis derived small molecule, ML341, with cidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) 2012 Dec 17 [updated 2013 Nov 07]. Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-.
- Rational development of 4-aminopyridyl-based inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 as anti-chagas agents. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2013 Oct 10;56(19):7651-68. doi: 10.1021/jm401067s. Epub 2013 Sep 30.
- Non-peptidic cruzain inhibitors with trypanocidal activity discovered by virtual screening and in vitro assay. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(8):e2370. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002370.
- Chemical-biological characterization of a cruzain inhibitor reveals a second target and a mammalian off-target. (opens in a new tab) Beilstein J Org Chem. 2013;9:15-25. doi: 10.3762/bjoc.9.3. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
- Optimization of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi oxadiazoles leads to identification of compounds with efficacy in infected mice. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 2012 Nov 1;20(21):6423-33. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.047. Epub 2012 Aug 31.
- Diverse inhibitor chemotypes targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(7):e1736. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001736. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
- Trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins mediate the adherence of epimastigotes to the midgut epithelial cells of Rhodnius prolixus. (opens in a new tab) Parasitology. 2012 May;139(6):735-43. doi: 10.1017/S0031182011002344. Epub 2012 Feb 7.
- The Trypanosoma cruzi protease cruzain mediates immune evasion. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Pathog. 2011 Sep;7(9):e1002139. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002139. Epub 2011 Sep 1.
- Cruzain : the path from target validation to the clinic. (opens in a new tab) Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;712:100-15. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_7. Review.
- Cysteine peptidases of kinetoplastid parasites. (opens in a new tab) Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;712:84-99. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_6. Review.
- Mining a cathepsin inhibitor library for new antiparasitic drug leads. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 May 3;5(5):e1023. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001023.
- Studies toward the structural optimization of novel thiazolylhydrazone-based potent antitrypanosomal agents. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Nov 15;18(22):7826-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.056. Epub 2010 Sep 29.
- In vitro and in vivo studies of the trypanocidal properties of WRR-483 against Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Sep 14;4(9). doi:pii: e825. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000825.
- Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease. (opens in a new tab) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Aug;54(8):3326-34. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01777-09. Epub 2010 Jun 14.
- Complementarity between a docking and a high-throughput screen in discovering new cruzain inhibitors. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2010 Jul 8;53(13):4891-905. doi: 10.1021/jm100488w.
- A nonazole CYP51 inhibitor cures Chagas' disease in a mouse model of acute infection. (opens in a new tab) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Jun;54(6):2480-8. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00281-10. Epub 2010 Apr 12.
- Structural characterization of CYP51 from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei bound to the antifungal drugs posaconazole and fluconazole. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Apr 6;4(4):e651. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000651.
- Delineation of diverse macrophage activation programs in response to intracellular parasites and cytokines. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Mar 30;4(3):e648. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000648.
- Nonpeptidic tetrafluorophenoxymethyl ketone cruzain inhibitors as promising new leads for Chagas disease chemotherapy. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2010 Feb 25;53(4):1763-73. doi: 10.1021/jm901633v.
- Identification and optimization of inhibitors of Trypanosomal cysteine proteases: cruzain, rhodesain, and TbCatB. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2010 Jan 14;53(1):52-60. doi: 10.1021/jm901069a.
- Two approaches to discovering and developing new drugs for Chagas disease. (opens in a new tab) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009 Jul;104 Suppl 1:263-9.
- Novel non-peptidic vinylsulfones targeting the S2 and S3 subsites of parasite cysteine proteases. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Nov 1;19(21):6218-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.098. Epub 2009 Sep 3.
- Divergent modes of enzyme inhibition in a homologous structure-activity series. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2009 Aug 27;52(16):5005-8. doi: 10.1021/jm9009229.
- Vinyl sulfones as antiparasitic agents and a structural basis for drug design. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 18;284(38):25697-703. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.014340. Epub 2009 Jul 20.
- Kinetoplastid papain-like cysteine peptidases. (opens in a new tab) Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2009 Sep;167(1):12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.009. Epub 2009 May 3. Review.
- Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 inhibitor derived from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis screen hit. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(2):e372. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000372. Epub 2009 Feb 3.
- Metal compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases. (opens in a new tab) J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Oct;102(10):1839-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.05.010. Epub 2008 Jun 4. Erratum in: J Inorg Biochem. 2009 May;103(5):869.
- Synthesis of macrocyclic trypanosomal cysteine protease inhibitors. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Nov 15;18(22):5860-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.012. Epub 2008 Jun 10.
- Identification of a new class of nonpeptidic inhibitors of cruzain. (opens in a new tab) J Am Chem Soc. 2008 May 21;130(20):6404-10. doi: 10.1021/ja710254m. Epub 2008 Apr 25.
- Potency and selectivity of P2/P3-modified inhibitors of cysteine proteases from trypanosomes. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Jan 15;18(2):624-8. Epub 2007 Nov 22.
- Proteases in parasitic diseases. (opens in a new tab) Annu Rev Pathol. 2006;1:497-536. Review.
- Dipeptidyl-alpha,beta-epoxyesters as potent irreversible inhibitors of the cysteine proteases cruzain and rhodesain. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Dec 15;17(24):6697-700. Epub 2007 Oct 22.
- A cysteine protease inhibitor cures Chagas' disease in an immunodeficient-mouse model of infection. (opens in a new tab) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Nov;51(11):3932-9. Epub 2007 Aug 13.
- The structure of chagasin in complex with a cysteine protease clarifies the binding mode and evolution of an inhibitor family. (opens in a new tab) Structure. 2007 May;15(5):535-43.
- Cysteine proteinase inhibitors as therapy for parasitic diseases: advances in inhibitor design. (opens in a new tab) Mini Rev Med Chem. 2006 Sep;6(9):1025-32. Review.
- A cysteine protease inhibitor protects dogs from cardiac damage during infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Dec;49(12):5160-1.
- Genomic and proteomic approaches for Chagas' disease: critical analysis of diagnostic methods. (opens in a new tab) Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2005 Jul;5(4):521-30. Review.
- Discovery of potent thiosemicarbazone inhibitors of rhodesain and cruzain. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Jan 3;15(1):121-3.
- Peptidyl allyl sulfones: a new class of inhibitors for clan CA cysteine proteases. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 2004 Oct 1;12(19):5203-11.
- Synthesis and evaluation of isatins and thiosemicarbazone derivatives against cruzain, falcipain-2 and rhodesain. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Oct 20;13(20):3527-30.
- Improved trypanocidal activities of cathepsin L inhibitors. (opens in a new tab) Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Aug;22(2):155-9.
- Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of potent trypanocidal thio semicarbazone inhibitors of the trypanosomal cysteine protease cruzain. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2002 Jun 20;45(13):2695-707.
- Cysteine proteases of parasitic organisms. (opens in a new tab) Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2002 Mar;120(1):1-21. Review. Erratum in: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002 Apr 30;121(1):159.
- Potent second generation vinyl sulfonamide inhibitors of the trypanosomal cysteine protease cruzain. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Oct 22;11(20):2759-62.
- Cysteine proteinases of trypanosome parasites: novel targets for chemotherapy. (opens in a new tab) Curr Drug Targets. 2000 Sep;1(2):155-62. Review.
- A target within the target: probing cruzain's P1' site to define structural determinants for the Chagas' disease protease. (opens in a new tab) Structure. 2000 Aug 15;8(8):831-40.
- Aryl ureas represent a new class of anti-trypanosomal agents. (opens in a new tab) Chem Biol. 2000 Sep;7(9):733-42.
- Upregulation of the secretory pathway in cysteine protease inhibitor-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) J Cell Sci. 2000 Apr;113 ( Pt 8):1345-54. Erratum in: J Cell Sci 2000 Jul;113(Pt 14):2638. Garcia CT [corrected to Torres C].
- The high stability of cruzipain against pH-induced inactivation is not dependent on its C-terminal domain. (opens in a new tab) FEBS Lett. 2000 Mar 3;469(1):29-32.
- [Trypanocidal effect of cysteine protease inhibitors in vitro and in vivo in experimental Chagas disease]. (opens in a new tab) Medicina (B Aires). 1999;59 Suppl 2:171-5. Review. Spanish.
- Development of cysteine protease inhibitors as chemotherapy for parasitic diseases: insights on safety, target validation, and mechanism of action. (opens in a new tab) Int J Parasitol. 1999 Jun;29(6):833-7. Review.
- Cysteine protease inhibitors as chemotherapy for parasitic infections. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 1999 Apr;7(4):639-44. Review.
- Protease trafficking in two primitive eukaryotes is mediated by a prodomain protein motif. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 4;274(23):16249-56.
- Structure-based design, synthesis and evaluation of conformationally constrained cysteine protease inhibitors. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 1998 Dec;6(12):2477-94.
- Design and synthesis of dipeptidyl alpha',beta'-epoxy ketones, potent irreversible inhibitors of the cysteine protease cruzain. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Oct 6;8(19):2809-12.
- Cysteine protease inhibitors cure an experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. (opens in a new tab) J Exp Med. 1998 Aug 17;188(4):725-34.
- Substrate inhibition of cruzipain is not affected by the C-terminal domain. (opens in a new tab) FEBS Lett. 1998 Jun 12;429(2):129-33.
- Cysteine protease inhibitors alter Golgi complex ultrastructure and function in Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) J Cell Sci. 1998 Mar;111 ( Pt 5):597-606.
- Structure-based design of parasitic protease inhibitors. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 1996 Sep;4(9):1421-7.
- The cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi as a model for antiparasite drug design. (opens in a new tab) Parasitol Today. 1995 Aug;11(8):279-82.
- The crystal structure of cruzain: a therapeutic target for Chagas' disease. (opens in a new tab) J Mol Biol. 1995 Mar 24;247(2):251-9.
- Production of crystallizable cruzain, the major cysteine protease from Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 25;268(9):6115-8.
- Peptide-fluoromethyl ketones arrest intracellular replication and intercellular transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993 Mar;58(1):17-24.
- The sequence, organization, and expression of the major cysteine protease (cruzain) from Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 1992 Apr 15;267(11):7411-20.
- New insights into the structure of a Trypanosoma cruzi protease. (opens in a new tab) Parasitol Today. 1991 Jun;7(6):132-3. No abstract available.
Electron micrograph of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Credit: Stephanie Hopkins & Juan Engel