Our African Sleeping Sickness Research
The CDIPD has had a long-standing interest in the biological function of the trypanosome proteases and we continue to explore proteases as a potential target class as well as to gain better understanding of key trypanosome pathways.
In collaboration with Jack Taunton's laboratory at UCSF, we have also been probing the biology of several Trypanosoma brucei kinases. Through these efforts we have identified several possible drug targets. We are currently focusing on screening of these kinases, as well as whole parasite screening of kinase inhibitor libraries.
We continue to do a significant amount of whole parasite screening to identify compounds that may be relevant hits for lead development. Compounds with anti-trypansomal activity may also be useful tools to explore parasite biology and identify new targets and pathways of interest. Some of our collaborations in this area include a collaboration in natural products chemistry with Roger Linington at UCSC. This collaboration has continued to identify compounds that may become promising tools and leads. We also are collaborating with researchers at Stanford to test FDA approved compounds for activity against T. brucei with the goal of repurposing for use in treatment of this disease. Finally, we continue to have numerous small collaborations, such as those with Pharmadyn testing focused compound libraries against T. brucei to identify possible new lead series to pursue in our drug development efforts.


African Sleeping Sickness Research Progress
Target Discovery
- Proteases
- Kinases
- Utilizing tool anti-trypanosomal compounds to explore potential targets and pathways
Screening
- Targeting whole parasite:
- Stanford/FDA approved compounds
- Natural Products – Phil Crews and Roger Linington/UCSC
- Kinase targeted libraries
- Screening of novel kinase targets
Lead Validation / Lead Optimization
- Novel kinase target hit-to-lead chemistry
Pre-Clinical
African Sleeping Sickness Publications
- Brain-Penetrant Triazolopyrimidine and Phenylpyrimidine Microtubule Stabilizers as Potential Leads to Treat Human African Trypanosomiasis. (opens in a new tab) ChemMedChem. 2018 Sep 6;13(17):1751-1754. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201800404. Epub 2018 Aug 7.
- Determinants of disease phenotype in trypanosomatid parasites. (opens in a new tab) Trends Parasitol. 2014 Jul;30(7):342-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.001. Epub 2014 Jun 16. Review.
- Hypothemycin, a fungal natural product, identifies therapeutic targets in Trypanosoma brucei [corrected]. (opens in a new tab) Elife. 2013 Jul 9;2:e00712. doi: 10.7554/eLife.00712. Erratum in: Elife. 2013;e01214.
- Examination of the mode of action of the almiramide family of natural products against the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. (opens in a new tab) J Nat Prod. 2013 Apr 26;76(4):630-41. doi: 10.1021/np300834q. Epub 2013 Feb 27.
- A global comparison of the human and T. brucei degradomes gives insights about possible parasite drug targets. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(12):e1942. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001942. Epub 2012 Dec 6.
- Hit-to-lead development of the chamigrane endoperoxide merulin A for the treatment of African sleeping sickness. (opens in a new tab) PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046172. Epub 2012 Sep 27.
- Antitrypanosomal and cysteine protease inhibitory activities of alkyldiamine cryptolepine derivatives. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012 Oct 1;22(19):6256-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.104. Epub 2012 Aug 15.
- Trypanosoma brucei: chemical evidence that cathepsin L is essential for survival and a relevant drug target. (opens in a new tab) Int J Parasitol. 2012 May 1;42(5):481-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.03.009. Epub 2012 Apr 24.
- High-throughput analysis of an RNAi library identifies novel kinase targets in Trypanosoma brucei. (opens in a new tab) Chem Biol Drug Des. 2011 Sep;78(3):454-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01156.x. Epub 2011 Jul 14.
- Cysteine peptidases of kinetoplastid parasites. (opens in a new tab) Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;712:84-99. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_6. Review.
- Mining a cathepsin inhibitor library for new antiparasitic drug leads. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 May 3;5(5):e1023. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001023.
- Discovery of novel benzoxaborole-based potent antitrypanosomal agents. (opens in a new tab) ACS Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jul 8;1(4):165-9. doi: 10.1021/ml100013s.
- Identification and optimization of inhibitors of Trypanosomal cysteine proteases: cruzain, rhodesain, and TbCatB. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2010 Jan 14;53(1):52-60. doi: 10.1021/jm901069a.
- Novel non-peptidic vinylsulfones targeting the S2 and S3 subsites of parasite cysteine proteases. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Nov 1;19(21):6218-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.098. Epub 2009 Sep 3.
- Structure-guided development of selective TbcatB inhibitors. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2009 Oct 22;52(20):6489-93. doi: 10.1021/jm900908p.
- Vinyl sulfones as antiparasitic agents and a structural basis for drug design. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 18;284(38):25697-703. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.014340. Epub 2009 Jul 20.
- Kinetoplastid papain-like cysteine peptidases. (opens in a new tab) Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2009 Sep;167(1):12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.009. Epub 2009 May 3. Review.
- The marine sponge Diacarnus bismarckensis as a source of peroxiterpene inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. (opens in a new tab) J Nat Prod. 2009 Feb 27;72(2):218-22. doi: 10.1021/np800711a.
- RNA interference of Trypanosoma brucei cathepsin B and L affects disease progression in a mouse model. (opens in a new tab) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008 Sep 24;2(9):e298. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000298.
- A parasite cysteine protease is key to host protein degradation and iron acquisition. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 24;283(43):28934-43. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M805824200. Epub 2008 Aug 13.
- Discovery of trypanocidal thiosemicarbazone inhibitors of rhodesain and TbcatB. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 May 1;18(9):2883-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.083. Epub 2008 Apr 8.
- Development of potent purine-derived nitrile inhibitors of the trypanosomal protease TbcatB. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2008 Feb 14;51(3):545-52. doi: 10.1021/jm070760l. Epub 2008 Jan 4.
- Proteases in parasitic diseases. (opens in a new tab) Annu Rev Pathol. 2006;1:497-536. Review.
- Bis-acridines as lead antiparasitic agents: structure-activity analysis of a discrete compound library in vitro. (opens in a new tab) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Jun;51(6):2164-72. Epub 2007 Mar 19.
- The cysteine proteinase inhibitor Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2 alters cell morphology and cell division activity of Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms in vivo. (opens in a new tab) Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2007 Feb 28;6:2.
- Cysteine proteinase inhibitors as therapy for parasitic diseases: advances in inhibitor design. (opens in a new tab) Mini Rev Med Chem. 2006 Sep;6(9):1025-32. Review.
- Discovery of trypanocidal compounds by whole cell HTS of Trypanosoma brucei. (opens in a new tab) Chem Biol Drug Des. 2006 May;67(5):355-63.
- Antitrypanosomal activity of 5'-deoxy-5'-(iodomethylene)adenosine and related 6-N-cyclopropyladenosine analogues. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2006 Mar 23;49(6):2096-102.
- Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate inhibitors targeting the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei as lead trypanocidal agents. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 May 15;16(10):2753-7. Epub 2006 Mar 3.
- Discovery of potent thiosemicarbazone inhibitors of rhodesain and cruzain. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Jan 3;15(1):121-3.
- A cathepsin B-like protease is required for host protein degradation in Trypanosoma brucei. (opens in a new tab) J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 12;279(46):48426-33. Epub 2004 Aug 23.
- Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of parasiticidal thiosemicarbazone cysteine protease inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi. (opens in a new tab) J Med Chem. 2004 Jun 3;47(12):3212-9.
- Screening of acyl hydrazide proteinase inhibitors for antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei. (opens in a new tab) Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002 Mar;19(3):227-31. Erratum in: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005 Jul;26(1):100. Nkemgu-Njinkeng, Joseph [corrected to Nkemngu, Njinkeng Joseph]. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005 Nov;26(5):424.
- Active site mapping, biochemical properties and subcellular localization of rhodesain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. (opens in a new tab) Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2001 Nov;118(1):61-73.
- Cysteine proteinases of trypanosome parasites: novel targets for chemotherapy. (opens in a new tab) Curr Drug Targets. 2000 Sep;1(2):155-62. Review.
- Aryl ureas represent a new class of anti-trypanosomal agents. (opens in a new tab) Chem Biol. 2000 Sep;7(9):733-42.
- Cysteine protease inhibitors as chemotherapy for parasitic infections. (opens in a new tab) Bioorg Med Chem. 1999 Apr;7(4):639-44. Review.
- Cysteine proteinase inhibitors kill cultured bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. (opens in a new tab) Exp Parasitol. 1999 Apr;91(4):349-55.
- Trypanosoma brucei: killing of bloodstream forms in vitro and in vivo by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor Z-phe-ala-CHN2. (opens in a new tab) Exp Parasitol. 1999 Apr;91(4):327-33.
- High level expression in Escherichia coli of soluble, enzymatically active schistosomal hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and trypanosomal ornithine decarboxylase. (opens in a new tab) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 15;88(6):2500-4.